Methods for forming light active devices

ABSTRACT

A method for forming an organic light active device, including providing a first electrode and a second electrode defining a gap there between. A plurality of first particles comprised of a hole transport material and a plurality of second particles comprised of an electron transport material is also provided. The method includes bringing respective ones of the first particles and the second particles together to form organic light active particulate having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer engaging one another and forming a heterojunction there between. The method also includes disposing within the gap the organic light active particulate dispersed within a carrier.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a Continuation patent application of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 10/927,677, filed Aug. 28, 2004, which is a Divisional patent application of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 10/321,161, filed Dec. 17, 2002, which is the US Utility patent application of a Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/427,333. This application also relates to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/234,302, filed Sep. 4, 2002 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/927,677 filed Aug. 28, 2004, the subject matter of these patent documents is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to organic light active devices. More particularly, the present invention pertains to devices and methods for fabricating organic light active devices that can be used for applications such as general lighting, display backlighting, video displays, maps, digital newspapers, stereoscopic vision aides, advanced vehicle windshields, solar cells, cameras and photodetectors.

Organic light active material (“OLAM™”) makes use of the relatively recent discovery that polymers can be made to be conductors. Organic light emitting diodes (“OLED”) convert electrical energy into light, behaving as a forward biased pn junction. OLAMs can be light emitters or light detectors, depending on the material composition and the device structure. For the purpose of this disclosure, the term OLAM and OLED can be interchanged. In its basic form, an OLED is comprised of a layer of hole transport material upon which is formed a layer of electron transport material. The interface between these layers forms a heterojunction. These layers are disposed between two electrodes, with the hole transport layer being adjacent to an anode electrode and the electron transport layer being adjacent to a cathode electrode. Upon application of a voltage to the electrodes, electrons and holes are injected from the cathode electrode and the anode electrode. The electron and hole carriers recombine at the heterojunction forming excitons and emitting light.

The basic structure of an OLED display is similar to a conventional LCD, where the reactive material (in the LCD case, a liquid crystal, in the OLED case, a conjugate polymer) is sandwiched between electrodes. When an electric field is applied by the electrodes, the OLED material is brought into an excited energy state, this energy state drops down by the emission of photons, packets of light. Thus, each pixel of the OLED display can be controlled to emit light as needed to create a displayed image.

Besides attractive picture quality, an OLED display device consumes less power than liquid crystal display technologies because it emits its own light and does not need backlighting. OLED displays are thin, lightweight, and may be able to be manufactured on flexible materials such as plastic.

Unlike liquid-crystal displays, OLEDs emit light that can be viewed from any angle, similar to a television screen. As compared to LCDs, OLEDs are expected to be much less expensive to manufacture, use less power to operate, emit brighter and sharper images, and “switch” images faster, meaning that videos or animation run more smoothly.

Recently, an effort has been made to create equipment and provide services for manufacturing OLED screens. The potential OLED display market includes a wide range of electronic products such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, camcorders, micro-displays, personal computers, Internet appliances and other consumer products.

There is still a need for a thin, lightweight, flexible, bright, wireless display. Such a device would be self-powered, robust, include a built-in user-input mechanism, and ideally functional as a multipurpose display device for Internet, entertainment, computer, and communication use. The discovery of the OLED phenomenon puts this goal within sight.

However, there are still some technical hurdles left to be solved before OLED displays will realize their commercial potential. OLED's light emitting materials don't have the lifespan some users may need. Presently, optimum performance in commercially viable volume production is achievable only for small screens, around 3.5 inches square or less. Storage lifetimes of at least 5 years are typically required by most consumer and business products, and operating lifetimes of >20,000 hours are relevant for most applications.

Organic-light-emitting-diode technology offers the prospect of flexible displays on plastic substrates and roll-to-roll manufacturing processes. One of the biggest challenges to the OLED display industry is from contamination by water and oxygen. The materials involved in small molecule and polymer OLEDs are vulnerable to contamination by oxygen and water vapor, which can trigger early failure.

Recently, there has been activity in developing thin, flexible displays that utilize pixels of electro-luminescent materials, such as OLEDs. Such displays do not require any back lighting since each pixel element generates its own light. Typically, the organic materials are deposited by spin-coating, vacuum deposition or evaporation. As examples, U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,328, issued to May, teaches an organic light emitting color display wherein a multi-color device is formed by depositing and patterning layers of light emissive material. U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,979, issued to Friend, et al., teaches a method of making a light emitting device by laminating two self-supporting components, at least one of which has a light emitting layer. U.S. Pat. No. 6,087,196, issued to Strum, et al., teaches a fabrication method for forming organic semiconductor devices using ink jet printing. U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,885 B1, issued to Towns et al., teaches an electro-luminescent device wherein a conductive polymer layer between an organic light emitting layer and a charge-injecting layer resists lateral spreading of charge carriers to improve the display characteristics. U.S. Pat. No. 6,420,200, issued to Yamazaki et al., teaches a method of manufacturing an electro-optical device using a relief printing or screen printing method. U.S. Pat. No. 6,402,579, issued to Pichler et al., teaches an organic light-emitting device in which a multi-layer structure is formed by DC magnetron sputtering. U.S. Pat. No. 6,422,687, issued to Jacobson, teaches an electronically addressable microencapsulated ink and display. In accordance with the teachings of this reference, microcapsules are formed with a reflective side and a light absorbing side. The microcapsules act as pixels that can be flipped between the two states, and then keep that state without any additional power.

It is known to form an OLED layer by vacuum deposition, evaporation or spin coating. Thin layers of hole transport material and then electron transport material are formed by these known methods over a grid of anode electrodes. The anode electrodes are formed on a glass plate. A grid of cathode electrodes is then placed adjacent to the electron transport material supported by a second glass plate. Thus, the basic OLED organic stack is sandwiched between electrodes and glass plate substrates. It is generally very difficult to form the electrodes with the precise alignment needed for forming a pixilated display. This task is made even more difficult in a multicolor display, where the OLED pixels emitting, for example, red, green and blue, are formed side-by-side to fabricate a full color display. Because the OLED material and electrodes can be made transparent, it is possible to stack the color OLED pixels on top of each other, allowing for a higher pixel packing density and thus the potential for a higher resolution display. However, the electrode alignment issue still poses a problem. Typically, the well-known use of shadow masks are employed to fabricate the pixel components. Aligning the shadow masks is difficult, and requires extreme precision.

Currently, inkjet printing has gained ground as a promising fabrication method for making OLED displays. The core of this technology is very mature, and can be found in millions of computer printers around the world. However, there are some disadvantages to the adapting of ink-jet printing to OLED display fabrication. It is still difficult to lay down precise layers of material using the spray heads of inkjet printers. Inkjet printing does not adequately overcome the problem of material degradation by oxygen and water vapor. Elaborate and expensive materials and fabrication processes are needed to provide adequate encapsulation of the display elements to prevent early degradation of the OLED material due to water and oxygen ingress. As an attempt to solve this contamination problem, Vitex Systems, Sunnyvale, Calif., has developed a barrier material in which a monomer vapor is deposited on a polymer substrate, and then the monomer is polymerized. A thin layer of aluminum oxide a few hundred angstroms thick is deposited on the polymerized surface. This process is repeated a number of times to form an encapsulation barrier over an OLED display. This elaborate encapsulation barrier is an example of the effort taken to prevent water and oxygen from contaminating the easily degraded OLED films that form a conventional OLED display device. It is difficult to align display pixel-sized electrodes and inkjet printed OLED material with the accuracy needed to effect a high resolution display. Electrical shorts and the destruction of pixels result from the inclusion of miniscule foreign particles, requiring the use of expensive clean room manufacturing facility for inkjet OLED fabrication. Accordingly there is a need for an improved fabrication method for forming OLED devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art. In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided for fabricating light active devices using field-attractive light active particulate. It is another object of the present invention to provide an OLED device that has a long shelf life, a long service life, is robust, effective and energy efficient. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for fabricating an OLED device using relatively simple manufacturing steps and relatively uncomplicated fabrication equipment.

In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided for forming a light active device. A fluid carrier has light active particulate dispersed within it. A first electrode layer is provided and a layer of the fluid carrier dispersed with the light active particulate is laminated or coated on the first electrode layer. A second electrode layer is provided on top of the laminated layer of the fluid carrier dispersed with the light active particulate. The light active particulate may comprise field reactive light active particulate randomly dispersed within the fluid carrier. An aligning field is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode to form a desired alignment of the field reactive light active particulate within the fluid carrier between the first electrode and the second electrode. The carrier may comprise a hardenable material. The carrier can be hardened to form a hardened carrier for maintaining the desired alignment of the light active particulate within the hardened carrier.

The first electrode layer may an x-electrode layer having x-electrode lines. The second electrode layer may comprise a y-electrode layer having y-electrode line disposed adjacent to the x electrode layer and defining a gap therebetween so that pixel volumes are defined at intersections of respective x-electrode lines and y-electrode lines. The light active particulate can be effective for receiving through the carrier electrical charges from the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer and generating photon emissions in response to receiving said electrical charges. The light active particulate can be effective for receiving a photon and separating electrical charges in response to the received photon, the separated electrical charges being transfer through the carrier to the first electrode layer and the second electrode.

In accordance with the present invention, an OLED device includes a first electrode and a second electrode. The second electrode is disposed adjacent to the first electrode so that a gap is defined between them. Unlike the prior art, in accordance with the present invention, thin films of OLED material are not required to be formed. Instead, the present invention utilizes OLED particulate dispersed within a conductive carrier. The OLED particulate is dispersed within the carrier material, which is disposed within the gap between the electrodes. When an electric potential is applied to the electrodes, the electrical energy passes through the carrier material raising the energy state of the OLED particulate, resulting in the emission of light.

The OLED particulate may comprise organic-layered particles, each particle includes a hole transport layer and an electron emitter layer. A heterojunction is formed at the interface between the hole transport layer and the electron emitter layer. Each organic-layered particle may also include a blocking layer adjacent to the electron emitter layer and an emissive layer adjacent to the hole transport layer, thereby forming a stacked organic layered structure. The blocking layer is provided for facilitating the flow of electrons from the electron emitter layer, and the emissive layer is provided for facilitating the emission of photons when the energy state of the OLED particulate is raised.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the OLED particulate comprises microcapsules. Each microcapsule includes an internal phase and a shell. The internal phase and/or the shell include the OLED material. The internal phase and/or the shell may also include a field reactive material. Depending on the OLED fabrication method and the desire OLED characteristics, the field reactive material may be an electrostatic material and/or a magnetically reactive material.

As is described further here in, the microcapsule composition may be effective for enabling a “self healing” capability of the fabricated OLED device. In this case, the microcapsule includes a composition that causes the microcapsule to rupture if electrical energy above a threshold is applied to the microcapsule. For example, if a particular microcapsule is aligned so the during use of the OLED device it becomes a short between the electrodes, or if the microcapsule is adjacent to a dust particle or other foreign inclusion, creating such a short, when a electric potential is applied between the electrodes energy exceeding a predetermined threshold will pass through the microcapsule causing the capsule to rupture and disconnect the short. By this construction, the microcapsule is automatically removed from the path of conduction of electrical energy in the event of a short.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the microcapsule shell and/or internal phase may include a composition effective to provide a barrier against degradation of the OLED material. The OLED microcapsules are dispersed within a carrier fluid. This carrier fluid also provides a barrier against the intrusion of substances which degrade the OLED material.

The OLED microcapsules can have constituent parts including at least one of hole transport material, electron transport material, field reactive material, solvent material, color material, shell forming material, barrier material, desiccant material, and heat meltable material. The constituent parts form at least one internal phase and at least one shell. The constituent parts are selected so as to have electrical characteristics that result in a preferred path of electrical conduction through the hole transport material and the electron transport material. By this construction, the microcapsule behaves as a pn junction upon application of an electrical potential to the first electrode and the second electrode.

The OLED device can be constructed of suitably chosen materials so that the carrier material is relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED particulate, this ensures that the OLED particulate offers a path of less electrical resistance than the carrier material. Thus, the electric potential applied to the electrodes will pass through the carrier material, which has some electrical conductivity, and through the OLED particulate, which has relatively higher electrical conductivity. In this way, the preferred path of electrical conduction is through the OLED particulate. Likewise, the shell of the OLED microcapsules is relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED material itself, so that the OLED material offers a path of less electrical resistance than the shell.

The typical OLED includes an OLED component that is a hole transport material and an OLED component that is an electron transport material. In accordance with a formulation of the inventive microcapsules, the shell comprises an OLED component material that is either the hole transport material or the electron transport material, and the internal phase of the microcapsule includes the OLED component material that is the other of the hole transport material and the electron transport material. Depending on the desired optical qualities of the fabricated OLED device, the carrier material can be selected so that it has optical properties during use of the OLED device that are transparent, diffusive, absorptive, and/or reflective to light energy. The composition of the OLED particulate can be selected so that the electrical characteristics of the OLED particulate includes, an electro or magneto rheological characteristic. This rheological characteristic is effective for causing the OLED particulate to move within the carrier and orient in response to an applied electrical or magnetic field.

In accordance with another composition of the OLED microcapsule, the internal phase comprises OLED material and a magnetically reactive material disposed within a first shell. An electrolyte and a curable fluid material are disclosed surrounding the shell. A second shell encapsulates the first shell, the electrolyte and the curable material. In response to an applied magnetic field, the position of the first shell is changeable relative to the second shell. Upon curing the curable material, the position of the first shell relative to the second shell is locked in place. As is described in detail herein, this microcapsule structure can be used to form capacitor/OLED microcapsules which may be particularly effective for use in passive matrix displays.

In accordance with the present invention, a method for forming an OLED device is provided. A top electrode and a bottom electrode are provided defining a gap there between. Within the gap a field reactive OLED particulate is disposed randomly dispersed within a fluid carrier. An aligning field is applied between the top electrode and the bottom electrode to form a desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particulate within the fluid carrier. The fluid carrier comprises a harden-able material. While the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particulate is maintained, the carrier is cured to form a hardened support structure within which is locked in position the OLED particulate. The OLED particulate may comprise a dielectric OLED microcapsule. The OLED particulate is formed by the steps of first providing a first particle comprised of a hole transport material. The hole transport material has a net first electrical charge. A second particle comprised of an electron transport material is provided having a net second electrical charge. The first electrical charge is of opposite polarity from the second electrical charge. The first particle and the second particle are brought together to form a unified OLED particulate having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer forming a heterojunction between them. The first particle may further include a photon-active layer. This photon-active layer may be a light emissive layer in which case the OLED forms a light emitting device, or a light receptive layer, in which case the OLED forms a light detecting device.

The OLED particulate is formed by microencapsulating an internal phase within a shell. The internal phase or the shell includes an OLED material and either the internal phase or the shell includes a field reactive material. The field reactive material comprises either or both an electrostatic and a magnetically reactive material. In accordance with another composition of the inventive microcapsule, the internal phase comprises an OLED emitter material and an OLED hole transport material dispersed in solution. Color dyes may also be included within the internal phase. The solvent may be a fluid organic solvent. In order to provide the alignment capabilities of the microcapsules, either the internal phase or the shell may include a field reactive component.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a stacked OLED device is provided. The inventive OLED device includes a first OLED pixel layer comprised of a first layer electrode. A second layer electrode is disposed adjacent to the first layer electrode. A first layer gap is defined between the electrodes. An OLED particulate is dispersed within a carrier and contained within the first layer gap. At least one subsequent OLED pixel layer is formed over the first OLED pixel layer. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer includes a first subsequent layer electrode. A second subsequent layer electrode is disposed adjacent to the first subsequent layer electrode defining a second layer gap there between. An OLED particulate in a carrier material is disposed between the electrodes.

To achieve a full color OLED display, the OLED particulate of the first OLED pixel layer emits light of a first wavelength range in response to a drive voltage being applied to the first layer electrode and the second layer electrode. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer emits light of a different wavelength range in response to the driving voltage applied to the respective electrode pairs so that an RGB color display can be formed.

Further, a dichromatic pixel layer can be formed adjacent to the last subsequent OLED pixel layer. The dichromatic pixel layer can be formed from a LCD display layer or from a dichromatic microcapsule display layer along the lines described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,50,687 B1 issued to Jacobson, This dichromatic pixel layer, as described fully herein, results in a display that can viewed in direct bright sunlight as well as with improved contrast in indoor ambient lighting conditions. Further, additional subsequent OLED pixel layers can be provided which emit light in additional color range having a color and/or light intensity different from the color and/or light intensity of the other OLED pixel layers.

Further, the inventive OLED device can be configured so as to detect light impinging on a pixel grid formed in accordance with the present invention. In this case, the OLED particulate of a first OLED pixel layer emits a electrical energy in response to the reception of photons and applies the electrical energy as a detectable signal to the first and second layer electrodes. Further, a full color CCD-type camera can be formed by tuning the wavelength range at which subsequent layers of OLED pixels are photo reactive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the inventive thin, lightweight, flexible, bright wireless display having components capable of being manufactured by the inventive display fabrication method, showing the simultaneous display of mapped hyperlinked content, a videophone stream and a broadcast TV stream;

FIG. 2 illustrates a particle of OLED material for being dispersed in a carrier fluid in accordance with the inventive display fabrication method;

FIG. 3 illustrates an inventive microcapsule comprised of an internal phase of OLED material encapsulated within a polymer shell;

FIG. 4 illustrates an inventive dielectric microcapsule comprised of an internal phase of OLED material encapsulated within a polymer shell;

FIG. 5 illustrates an inventive microcapsule comprised of a first microcapsule including an internal phase of OLED material and magnetic material, along with a mixture of electrolyte and uncured monomer, all encapsulated within a polymer shell;

FIG. 6 illustrates an inventive microcapsule comprised of an internal phase of OLED material encapsulated within a double-wall shell, each wall having a composition selected for imparting a desired electrical, optical, magnetic and/or mechanical property to the microcapsule;

FIG. 7 illustrates an inventive microcapsule comprised of an internal phase consisting of a mixture of OLED material with other components so as to tailor the electrical, optical, magnetic and/or mechanical property of the microcapsule;

FIG. 8 illustrates an inventive microcapsule comprised of a first microcapsule including an internal phase comprised of an OLED material, and a corrosion barrier material, all encapsulated within a polymer shell;

FIG. 9 illustrates an inventive microcapsule comprised of a multi-walled microcapsule structure wherein layers of corrosion barrier material are encapsulated within polymer shells with an internal phase of OLED material;

FIG. 10 illustrates an inkjet-type or other nozzle fabrication method for forming a layer of OLED microcapsules dispersed within a light curable monomer carrier;

FIG. 11 illustrates a layer of OLED microcapsules fixed within a cured monomer barrier disposed between a top electrode and a bottom electrode;

FIG. 12 illustrates sealed fabrication stations for forming a barrier protected OLED microcapsule display stratum;

FIG. 13 illustrates an inventive display fabrication line using modular printers for forming various stratum of a thin, lightweight, flexible wireless display;

FIG. 14 illustrates a highly organized OLED microcapsule structure formed in accordance with the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 15 illustrates a chain structure of OLED microcapsules formed in accordance with the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 16 illustrates a full color OLED display formed in accordance with the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 17 illustrates a layer of conductive microcapsules for forming an electrode layer in accordance with the inventive device fabrication method;

FIG. 18 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed on an electrode layer;

FIG. 19 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed between top and bottom electrode layers;

FIG. 20 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains within a cured carrier for forming a corrosion barrier;

FIG. 21 illustrates a full color display formed in accordance with the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 22 illustrates step one of an embodiment of the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 23 illustrates step two of an embodiment of the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 24 illustrates step three of an embodiment of the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 25 illustrates step four of an embodiment of the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 26 illustrates step five of an embodiment of the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 27 illustrates step six of an embodiment of the inventive OLED device fabrication method;

FIG. 28 shows a magnetically reactive OLED microcapsule for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule with the aligning field turned off;

FIG. 29 shows a magnetically reactive OLED microcapsule for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule with the magnetic aligning field turned on with uncured electrolyte mixture;

FIG. 30 shows a magnetically reactive OLED microcapsule for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule with the magnetic aligning field turned on with cured electrolyte mixture;

FIG. 31 shows a pixel comprised of a chain of capacitor OLED being charged by a charging voltage;

FIG. 32 shows a pixel comprised of a chain of capacitor OLED being triggered for light emission by a trigger voltage;

FIG. 33 shows OLED microcapsules randomly dispersed within a fluid but hardenable carrier fluid;

FIG. 34 shows OLED microcapsule chains aligned within an applied aligning field formed within unhardened carrier fluid;

FIG. 35 shows OLED microcapsule chains aligned within an applied aligning field held in alignment within hardened carrier;

FIG. 36 shows the OLED microcapsule structure shown in FIG. 35 with a drive voltage applied and light being emitted from the OLED microcapsule chains;

FIG. 37 illustrates a method for forming an OLED particulate having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer;

FIG. 38 illustrates a method for forming an encapsulated OLED particulate;

FIG. 39 illustrates a first step in forming a multi-layered OLED particulate;

FIG. 40 illustrates a second step in forming a multi-layered OLED particulate;

FIG. 41 illustrates a third step in forming a multi-layered OLED particulate;

FIG. 42 schematically shows a full-color OLED display constructed in accordance with the present invention, and having a dichromatic display layer for improving the display contrast, power efficiency and for providing display viewing in bright sunlight;

FIG. 43 schematically shows the full-color OLED display shown in FIG. 42, with the dichromatic pixels oriented for reflecting emitted OLED light;

FIG. 44 schematically shows the full-color OLED display shown in FIG. 42, showing the relative strength of reflected light depending on the dichromatic pixel orientations;

FIG. 45 shows magnetically-active OLED microcapsules randomly dispersed within a fluid but hardenable carrier fluid along with desiccant particulate;

FIG. 46 shows the magnetically-active OLED microcapsule chains aligned within an applied magnetic aligning field within the unhardened carrier fluid;

FIG. 47 shows the magnetically-active OLED microcapsule chains aligned within the applied magnetic aligning field held in position within the hardened carrier;

FIG. 48 shows the magnetically-active OLED microcapsule structure with light being emitted from the OLED microcapsule chains;

FIG. 49 schematically illustrates a full color OLED display having high intensity visible light display layers and an infrared display layer;

FIG. 50 shows an OLED display layer and a liquid crystal display layer;

FIG. 51 shows an inventive OLED display fabricated with thin films of organic material with photodetection elements and photodetection pixel elements;

FIG. 52 shows an OLED microcapsule wherein the shell is slightly less conductive than the encapsulated OLED material;

FIG. 53 shows an OLED microcapsule wherein the OLED material is encapsulated along with an electrolyte and a magnetic inner microcapsule having an electrically insulative shell;

FIG. 54 shows an OLED microcapsule wherein the OLED material and the hole transport material are contained in solution within a conductive shell;

FIG. 55 shows the OLED microcapsules shown in FIG. 54 including a magnetically active material and color dye in the inner phase and heat meltable material in the shell;

FIG. 56 illustrates the OLED microcapsule shown in FIG. 54 used for creating a general lighting or display back lighting OLED device;

FIG. 57 illustrates a transparent, flexible OLED display fabricated for use as part of a vehicle windshield;

FIG. 58 is a block diagram showing the basic components of an active windshield display system using an OLED display;

FIG. 59 illustrates an OLED light emissive element;

FIG. 60 shows the OLED light emissive element having a conventional light bulb form factor;

FIG. 61 illustrates an OLED device fabricated using light emissive layers and light detecting layers;

FIG. 62 illustrates stereoscopic goggles having OLED device elements;

FIG. 63 illustrates a flexible OLED display having a curvature the compensates for the human eye's range of motion;

FIG. 64 illustrates a flexible OLED display having optical lens elements for focusing emitted light at the appropriate physical location within a human eye;

FIG. 65 illustrates a wraparound visor having a curved, flexible OLED display and speakers;

FIG. 66 illustrates a wall of a house having an inventive OLED display window, the window being driven so as to be transparent with trees outside the house visible through the window;

FIG. 67 illustrates the wall of a house having the inventive OLED display window, the window being driven so as to display multiple simultaneous video stream including video phone communication, Internet web page and a television program; and

FIG. 68 illustrates the wall of a house having the inventive OLED display window, the window being driven so as to be a mirror.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, there being contemplated such alterations and modifications of the illustrated device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as disclosed herein, as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the inventive thin, lightweight, flexible, bright wireless display having components capable of being manufactured by the inventive display fabrication method, showing the simultaneous display of mapped hyperlinked content, a videophone stream and a broadcast TV stream. FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an inventive thin, lightweight, flexible, bright, wireless display showing the simultaneous display of three received display signal. The inventive thin, lightweight, flexible, bright, wireless display includes a flexible substrate 24 to provide a support structure upon which components can be manufactured by a fabrication method. As described in the co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/234,302, entitled “A Thin, Lightweight, Flexible, Bright, Wireless Display”, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, a unique and effective method for transmitting display information to a single or multiple displays enables such displays to not have to have substantial onboard storage or processing power. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the energy drain, bulk, weight and cost normally associated with such devices is avoided, and the durability and convenience of the display is increased. Further, as shown schematically in FIG. 1, multiple streams of display information can be simultaneously received and displayed. For example, broadcast video content such as a television program may be shown at a first portion of the display, personalized video content, such as a videophone conversation may be shown at a second portion and a web page, including mapped hyperlink content, may be shown at a third portion. Most of the processing, networking, signal tuning, data storage, etc., etc., that it takes to create such a set of displayed content streams is not performed by the inventive wireless display. Other devices, such as a centralized computer, A/V or gateway device perform these functions thus allowing the opportunity for the inventive display to have tremendous mobility and convenience.

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the inventive thin, lightweight, flexible, bright wireless display having components capable of being manufactured by the inventive fabrication method, showing the simultaneous display of mapped hyperlinked content, a videophone stream and a broadcast TV stream. In accordance with the present invention, a thin, lightweight, flexible, bright wireless display is obtained having components capable of being manufactured by the inventive fabrication method. The present invention enables a low cost, flexible, robust, full color video display to be obtained. This wireless display is capable of receiving multiple display information signals and displaying the simultaneous screens of the received display information in re-configurable formats. A relatively simple signal receiving and processing circuit, using, for example, a digital signal processor such as those available from Texas Instruments, Texas or Oxford Microdevices, Connecticut, enables multiple video and still image screens to be displayed. An inventive manufacturing method described herein and in the co-owned patent application Ser. No. 10/234,301 filed Sep. 4, 2002, entitled “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Displays” (incorporated by reference herein) enables the inventive wireless display to be fabricated at low cost and with the advantageous features described herein. As described in more detail herein, a flexible substrate provides a support structure upon which components can be manufactured by a fabrication method. A display stratum includes light emitting pixels for displaying information. The light emitting pixels are formed, by printing a pixel layer of light-emitting conductive polymer. An electronic circuit stratum includes signal transmitting components for transmitting user input signals to a display signal generating device for controlling display information transmitted from the display signal generating device. Signal receiving components receive the display information transmitted from the display signal-generating device. Display driving components drive the display layer according to the received display information. A user input stratum receives user input and generates the user input signals. A battery stratum provides electrical energy to the electronic circuit stratum, the user input stratum and display stratum components. The signal receiving components may include first radio frequency receiving components for receiving a first display signal having first display information carried on a first radio frequency and second radio frequency receiving components for receiving a second display signal having second display information carried on a second radio frequency. The display driving components may include signal processor components for receiving the first display signal and the second display signal and generating a display driving signal for simultaneously displaying the first display information at a first location on the display stratum and the second display information at a second location on the display stratum. At least some of the components in the battery, display, user input and electronic circuit stratums are formed by printing electrically active material to form circuit elements including resistors, capacitors, inductors, antennas, conductors and semiconductor devices.

The inventive thin, lightweight, wireless display includes OLAM fabrication, such as that described herein. In accordance with the present invention, microcapsule 10 particulate are randomly dispersed within a monomer carrier fluid 12 that is injected or otherwise disposed between two electrodes 14. The term particulate can refer to particles of material or microcapsules 10. The microcapsules 10 may include additives that impart rheological properties. The microcapsules 10 form chains between the electrodes 14 when a voltage is applied. Holding the voltage to keep the chains formed, the carrier fluid 12 is polymerized and the OLAM microcapsule chains locked into alignment between the electrodes 14. The thus formed OLAM pixels emit light (or detect or convert light into electricity). The problem of contamination of the OLAM material is the major factor limiting the display life span, and thus is a bar to commercial success. The inventive fabrication method results in the corrosion sensitive OLAM material being protected by the microcapsule shell and the cured carrier 12. The pixel alignment is automatic, since the microcapsule chains are formed only between the electrodes 14. This pixel array structure also greatly limits cross talk between pixels and the optical properties of the cured monomer can be controlled to improve contrast, display brightness, transparency, etc.

Solar cell components or layers can be used to “recycle” the energy emitted by the OLED emitters. Some of the emitted and ambient light energy impinges on the solar cells and generate electricity. This, along with the inventions described herein and the sheet battery described in the above-referenced co-owned patent application Ser. No. 10/234,301 filed Sep. 4, 2002, entitled “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Displays”, can enable lightweight, relatively inexpensive, dichromatic newspapers (as described herein in FIG. 1) that recharge in sunlight (or even indoor ambient light) to enable full-color emissive video display.

FIG. 2 illustrates a particle of OLED material for being dispersed in a carrier fluid 12 in accordance with the inventive display fabrication method. A typical OLED organic stack consists of a layer of hole transport material and a layer of electron transport material. In the conventional art, these layers are formed by spin coating, vacuum deposition or inkjet printing. In accordance with the present invention, the OLED material is provided as particulate dispersed within a carrier 12 material. The carrier 12 material with the dispersed particulate is disposed between electrodes 14. Electrical potential applied to the electrodes 14 causes light emission to occur within the OLED particulate. In accordance with the present invention, the OLED phenomenon can be used to create general or specialty lighting devices, monochrome or color displays, stereoscopic vision aids, digital maps and newspapers, advanced vehicle windshields and the like. Also, the particulate can be organic light active material (“OLAM™”) that is capable of generating a flow of electrons in response to impinging light energy. This phenomenon can be used to create photodetectors, cameras, solar cells and the like. In this application, where appropriate, the term OLED can mean a light emissive or a light detective material configuration.

FIG. 3 illustrates an inventive microcapsule 10 comprised of an internal phase of OLAM material encapsulated within a polymer shell. To create a path of least resistance through the OLED material, the shell composition is selected to be less conductive than the OLED material.

FIG. 4 illustrates an inventive electrostatically active microcapsule 10 comprised of an internal phase of OLED material encapsulated within a polymer shell. The shell is composed of a material that can be oriented by the application of an electric field. The electrical properties of the shell enable the microcapsules 10 to be aligned into a desired formation within a fluid carrier 12 in response to an applied electric field.

FIG. 5 illustrates an inventive microcapsule 10 comprised of a first microcapsule 10 including an internal phase of OLED material and magnetic material, along with a mixture of electrolyte and uncured monomer, all encapsulated within a polymer shell. The magnetic properties of the magnetic material enable the microcapsules 10 to be aligned into a desired formation within a fluid carrier 12 in response to an applied magnetic field.

FIG. 6 illustrates an inventive microcapsule 10 comprised of an internal phase of OLED material encapsulated within a double-wall shell, each wall having a composition selected for imparting a desired electrical, optical, magnetic and/or mechanical property to the microcapsule. In accordance with the present invention, the OLED particulate comprises microcapsules 10. For example, the microcapsule 10 includes an internal phase and a shell that is composed of material selected according to a desired combination of electrical, mechanical, optical and magnetic properties. The internal phase and/or the shell may include the OLED material. The internal phase and/or the shell may also include a field reactive material. Depending on the OLED fabrication method and the desire OLED characteristics, the field reactive material may be an electrostatic material and/or a magnetically reactive material. The microcapsule 10 composition may be effective for enabling a “self healing” capability of the fabricated OLED device. In this case, the microcapsule 10 includes a composition that causes the microcapsule 10 to rupture if electrical energy above a threshold is applied to the microcapsule. A heat meltable material that heats up when electrical energy above a threshold is applied can be incorporated as the microcapsule shell. For example, if a particular microcapsule 10 ends up positioned so that during use of the OLED device it becomes a short between the electrodes 14, or if the microcapsule 10 is adjacent to a dust particle or other foreign inclusion, creating such a short, when an electric potential is applied between the electrodes 14, energy exceeding a predetermined threshold will pass through the microcapsule 10 causing the capsule to rupture and disconnect the short. By this construction, the microcapsule 10 is automatically removed from the path of conduction of electrical energy in the event of a short.

FIG. 7 illustrates an inventive microcapsule 10 comprised of an internal phase consisting of a mixture of OLED material with other components so as to tailor the electrical, optical, magnetic and/or mechanical property of the microcapsule. The other components can be field reactive, such as magnetic or electrostatically reactive materials for imparting orientation and aligning properties. Heat expandable materials can be included to provide the microcapsule 10 with the ability to burst in response to an electrical short to disconnect the microcapsule 10 and overcome the electrical short. Colorants, such as dyes and colored particles can be included to tune the light emitted from the microcapsule. Desiccant material can be included to provide protection against contamination of the OLED material.

FIG. 8 illustrates an inventive microcapsule 10 comprised of a first microcapsule 10 including an internal phase comprised of an OLED material, and a corrosion barrier material, all encapsulated within a polymer shell. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the microcapsule shell and/or internal phase may include a composition effective to provide a barrier against degradation of the OLED material. The OLED microcapsules 10 are dispersed within a carrier fluid 12. This carrier fluid 12 also provides a barrier against the intrusion of substances which degrade the OLED material.

FIG. 9 illustrates an inventive microcapsule 10 comprised of a multi-walled microcapsule 10 structure wherein layers of corrosion barrier material are encapsulated within polymer shells with an internal phase of OLED material. As in the microcapsule 10 shown in FIG. 7, within the shell of the microcapsule 10 other components can be included that are field reactive, such as magnetic or electrostatically reactive materials for imparting orientation and aligning properties. Heat expandable materials can be included to provide the microcapsule 10 with the ability to burst in response to an electrical short to disconnect the microcapsule 10 and overcome the electrical short. Colorants, such as dyes and colored particles can be included to tune the light emitted from the microcapsule. Desiccant material can be included to provide protection against contamination of the OLED material.

FIG. 10 illustrates an inkjet-type or other nozzle 36 fabrication method for forming a layer of OLED microcapsules 10 dispersed within a light curable monomer carrier 12. OLED microcapsules 10 dispersed in an uncured monomer carrier fluid 12 can be utilized with inkjet printing technology to create a film of OLED microcapsules 10 contained with flexible cured monomer. The inkjet-type or other nozzle fabrication technique can be utilized to form controlled OLED deposition, with the OLED contained within a curable carrier 12. As is described elsewhere herein, desiccant particulate can be included within the carrier 12 to enhance the protection of the OLED material.

FIG. 11 illustrates a layer of OLED microcapsules 10 fixed within a cured monomer barrier disposed between a top electrode 14 and a bottom electrode 14. The cured monomer and the shell of the microcapsules 10 provide a barrier to contamination from water vapor and oxygen. The OLED device can be constructed of suitably chosen materials so that the carrier 12 material is relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED particulate, this ensures that the OLED particulate offers a path of less electrical resistance than the carrier 12 material. Thus, the electric potential applied to the electrodes 14 will pass through the carrier 12 material, which has some electrical conductivity, and through the OLED particulate, which has relatively higher electrical conductivity. In this way, the preferred path of electrical conduction is through the OLED particulate. Likewise, the shell of the OLED microcapsules 10 is relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED material itself, so that the OLED material offers a path of less electrical resistance than the shell. Field-attractive microcapsules 10 containing OLED material randomly dispersed within a monomer carrier fluid 12 are injected or otherwise disposed between two electrodes 14. The microcapsules 10 may include additives that impart electro or magneto rheological-type properties. When used for a pixilated display layer, the microcapsules 10 form chains between the electrodes 14 when a aligning field is applied. Holding the aligning field to keep the chains formed, the carrier fluid 12 is polymerized and the OLED microcapsule chains are locked into alignment between the electrodes 14.

The problem of contamination of the OLED material is the major factor limiting the display life span, and thus is a bar to commercial success. The inventive fabrication method results in the corrosion sensitive OLED material being protected by the microcapsule shell and the cured carrier 12, and the pixel alignment is automatic, since the microcapsule chains are formed only between the electrodes 14 or where the aligning field is applied. This pixel array structure also greatly limits cross talk between pixels and the optical properties of the cured carrier 12 can be controlled to improve contrast, display brightness, transparency, etc. The OLED particulate in a carrier 12 disposed between two or more electrodes 14 can be utilized to create roll-to-roll sheets of displays or lights, used as “filament” in a light bulb, used to form solar cells, solar cell housing shingles, light detectors, cameras, vision aides, heads-up display windshields and the like. This OLAM construction can even be formed as fibers for light emitting flooring, wall coverings, specialty lighting, clothing, shoes, building materials, furniture, etc.

FIG. 12 illustrates sealed fabrication stations 22 for forming a barrier protected OLED microcapsule 10 display stratum. The microcapsules 10 are dispersed in a carrier fluid 12. The upper and lower plates 16, control the intensity of the attraction toward the flexible substrate 24 and sheet electrode 14. Seals 18 keep out water and air, using a vacuum airlock. The curing station 20 cures the carrier fluid 12 into a flexible water and oxygen barrier. The microcapsules 10 can be for forming emitters, detectors, various electronic circuit elements (as described in the referenced co-owned patent application). The microcapsules 10 may also be for adding other mechanical (structure, expansive, meltable, desiccant, etc.), optical (reflective, diffusive, opaque, colorant, etc.), electrical (conductive, resistive, semi-conductive, insulative, etc.). The upper and lower plates 16 are controlled to vary the attractive and/or aligning field and create controlled accumulations and alignments of the microcapsules 10. The viscosity of the fluid can also be controlled to control the accumulations of microcapsules 10 (for three-dimensional buildup, control spread of pixels, etc.). As an example, lower viscosity carrier fluid 12 with an agitator may be preferred. There can be, for example, two simultaneously applied aligning fields, magnetic and electrostatic. A mix of microcapsules 10 can be dispersed, (e.g., magnetically and conductive OLED microcapsules 10 and electrostatically conductive insulators for creating a more controllable path of least resistance).

FIG. 13 illustrates an inventive display fabrication line using modular printers for forming various stratum of a thin, lightweight, flexible wireless display. Display fabrication line uses mix of different fabrication stations 22. Examples of fabrication stations 22 can be found in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/234,301 entitled “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Displays”. The various layers of a display include battery, electronic circuit, user input and display stratums are formed at different fabrication stations 22. In accordance with the present invention, fabrication stations 22 for forming an OLED light emissive device is provided. A top electrode 14 and a bottom electrode 14 define a gap there between. Disposed within the gap, field reactive OLED particulates are randomly dispersed within a fluid carrier 12. Depending on the device being fabricated, an aligning field may be applied between the top electrode 14 and the bottom electrode 14 to form a desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particulate within the fluid carrier 12 between the top electrode 14 and the bottom electrode 14. The carrier 12 comprises a hardenable material, such as a light-curable liquid monomer. The carrier 12 is cured to form a hardened carrier 12 for maintaining the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particulate within the hardened carrier 12. The OLED particulate may comprise a dielectric OLED microcapsule 10 or other OLED-based structure that is capable of forming chains between the electrodes 14.

Depending on the quality of the barrier created by the inventive fabrication method, there may be no need for additional barrier layers 30 other than substrates 24 since cured carrier 12 and microcapsule shells protect OLED material from water vapor and oxygen. Alternatively, addition barrier layers 30, including monomer, polymer, ceramic or thin metal layers can be included in the structure as needed to protect the OLED material from contamination. Each color layer can be built on the previous by fabrication method. The conductors 26 that make up the pixel electrodes 14 can also be used to fabricate the OLED microcapsule 10 structure. In this case the substrate 24 and pixel electrode 14 grid become integral parts of the completed OLED device. Further, the electric field created by applying voltage to the electrodes 14 can be used to align the OLED microcapsules 10 in chains as shown elsewhere herein. The mechanism for this alignment is similar to the phenomenon that causes electro-rheological fluids to form chains within a carrier fluid 12. In this case, the OLED microcapsule 10 or the OLED particle itself includes the appropriate material component that enables the electro-rheological effect. In addition, or alternatively, magnetic material can be employed with a magnetic field being applied as the aligning field. The light emitted from the OLED material when energized by the applied voltage can be used cure the monomer surrounding the microcapsules 10. Thus, the voltage applied to the electrodes 14 during device fabrication are utilized to form the pixel orientation and simultaneously cure the barrier material.

FIG. 14 illustrates a highly organized OLED microcapsule 10 structure formed in accordance with the inventive OLED device fabrication method. Pixels can be controlled down to the microcapsule 10 size, spaced apart as needed. The conductive shell having a semi-insulative or semi-conductive electrical property. The insulative or semiconductor shell creates a preferred path for the electron movement. By controlling the conductivity of the cured carrier fluid 12, the preferred path can be more pronounced through the OLED material.

FIG. 15 illustrates a chain structure of OLED microcapsules 10 formed in accordance with the inventive OLED device fabrication method. Chains of microcapsules 10 can be formed encased in opaque cured carrier 12, creating more intense light and defined pixels, or the carrier 12 can be an optical diffusion layer to create a mixing of light from adjacent pixels. In accordance with the present invention, an OLED device includes a first electrode 14 and a second electrode 14. The second electrode 14 is disposed adjacent to the first electrode 14 so that a gap is defined between them. An OLED particulate is dispersed within a carrier 12 material, which is disposed within the gap. When an electric potential is applied to the electrodes 14, the electrical energy passes through the carrier 12 material raising the energy state of the OLED particulate, resulting in the emission of light. The typical OLED includes an OLED component that is a hole transport material and an OLED component that is an electron transport material. In accordance with a formulation of the inventive microcapsules 10, the shell comprises an OLED component material that is either the hole transport material or the electron transport material, and the internal phase of the microcapsule 10 includes the OLED component material that is the other of the hole transport material or the electron transport material. Depending on the desired optical qualities of the fabricated OLED device, the carrier 12 material can be selected so that it has optical properties during use of the OLED device that are transparent, diffusive, absorptive, and/or reflective to light energy.

FIG. 16 illustrates a full color OLED display formed in accordance with the inventive OLED device fabrication method. The inventive microcapsule 10 fabrication is used to create a full color emissive display. Pixels can be controlled down to the microcapsule 10 size, spaced apart as needed. The conductive shell can have a semi-conductive, conductive or an insulative over shell. The composition creates a preferred path for the electron movement. By controlling the conductivity of the cured carrier fluid 12, the preferred path can be more pronounced. The inventive OLED device includes a first OLED pixel layer comprised of a first layer electrode 14.

A second layer electrode 14 is disposed adjacent to the first layer electrode 14. A first layer gap is defined between the electrodes 14. An OLED particulate is dispersed within a carrier 12 and contained within the first layer gap. At least one subsequent OLED pixel layer is formed over the first OLED pixel layer. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer includes a first subsequent layer electrode 14. A second subsequent layer electrode 14 is disposed adjacent to the first subsequent layer electrode 14 defining a second layer gap there between. An OLED particulate in a carrier 12 material is disposed between the electrodes 14. To achieve a full color OLED display, the OLED particulate of the first OLED pixel layer emits light of a first wavelength range in response to a drive voltage being applied to the first layer electrode 14 and the second layer electrode 14. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer emits light of a different wavelength range in response to the driving voltage applied to the respective electrode 14 pairs so that an RGB color display can be formed.

FIG. 17 illustrates a layer of conductive microcapsules 10 for forming an electrode 14 layer in accordance with the inventive device fabrication method. The buildup of microcapsule 10 layers may occur in successive fabrication steps. The conductor 26 may be microencapsulated, or just a field attractive material. For example, a ferrous metal powder can be magnetically attracted to form one or more of the conductors. The OLED microcapsule 10 can be electrostatic or magnetically attractive. The carrier 12 substrate 24 has to pass the applied field. The carrier fluid 12 is heat or light hardenable by light emitted from a curing light source 28 to lock the microcapsules 10 in place. Alternatively, the carrier fluid 12 can be a plastic material capable of being injection molded, or a multi-part mixture such as an epoxy, a conductive powder and a hardener.

FIG. 18 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed on an electrode 14 layer. Conductive pixels can be etched into optomagnetic or optoelectric coating to improve resolution. Or the location of the pixel that is energized can be controlled by light or laser pulse or other mechanism. The light curable polymer can be cured to a desired depth to capture the microcapsules 10 that have been attracted, and thus lock in, for example, a microcapsule chain having a desired length.

FIG. 19 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed between top and bottom electrode layers. The electrodes 14 can be formed in previous fabrication steps, and may be attracted by a mechanism other than the mechanism that orients the OLED particulate.

FIG. 20 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains within a cured carrier 12 for forming a corrosion barrier. The substrate 24 upon which the microcapsules 10 are printed may be a multi-layered composition of polymer, cured monomer, ceramic and fiber, such as glass, creating a durable, flexible substrate 24 that is also a barrier to corrosion for the OLED (as is the microcapsule shell and the cured carrier fluid 12). The conductors 26 that make up the pixel electrodes 14 can also be used to apply the aligning field used to fabricate the OLED microcapsule 10 structure.

FIG. 21 illustrates a full color display formed in accordance with the inventive OLED device fabrication method. Depending on the quality of the barrier created by the inventive fabrication method, there may be no need for additional barrier layers 30 other than substrates 24 since cured carrier 12 and microcapsule shells protect the OLED material from water vapor and oxygen. Alternatively, additional barrier layers 30, including monomer, polymer, ceramic, fiber, desiccant and/or thin metal layers can be included in the structure as needed to protect the OLED material from contamination. Each color layer can be built on the previous, by a fabrication station. The conductors 26 that make up the pixel electrodes 14 can also be used to fabricate the OLED microcapsule structure. In this case, the substrate 24 and pixel electrode grid become integral parts of the completed OLED device. The electric field created by applying voltage to the electrodes 14 can be used to align the OLED microcapsules 10 in chains as shown elsewhere herein. The mechanism for this alignment is similar to the phenomenon that causes electro-rheological fluids to form chains within a carrier fluid 12. In this case, the OLED microcapsule 10 or the OLED particle itself includes the appropriate material component that enables the Theological effect (i.e., the movement of the OLED particulate within the carrier). In addition, or alternatively, magnetic material can be used with a magnetic field being applied as the aligning field. The light emitted from the OLED material when energized by the applied driving voltage can be used to cure the monomer surrounding the microcapsules 10. Thus, the voltage applied to the electrodes 14 during device fabrication can be utilized to form the pixel orientation and simultaneously cure the barrier material.

FIGS. 22-27 illustrate the steps for forming an OLED device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 22 illustrates step one of an embodiment of the inventive OLED device fabrication method. Step One: Provide Top and Bottom Flexible Substrates. Step Two: Form Barrier layers 30 on Top and Bottom Flexible Substrates 24 (FIG. 23). Step Three: Form Top and Bottom Electrodes 14 on Barrier layer 30 (FIG. 24). Step Four: Fill Void between Top and Bottom Electrode 14 with OLED microcapsules 10 dispersed in uncured carrier fluid 12 (FIG. 25). Step Five: Apply potential from an aligning field source 32 to electrodes 14 to organize OLED microcapsules 10 into chains (FIG. 26). Step Six: Cure carrier 12 to lock OLED microcapsule chains between the electrodes 14 to form pixels (FIG. 27). The composition of the OLED particulate can be selected so that the characteristics of the OLED particulate includes an electro or magneto theological characteristic. This rheological characteristic is effective for causing the OLED particulate to orient in an applied aligning field.

FIG. 28 shows a magnetically reactive OLED microcapsule 10 for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule 10 with the aligning field from an aligning field source 32 turned off. An OLED microcapsule 10 is formed having a capacitor capability. An OLED material internal phase is encapsulated within a first shell. An electrolyte surrounds the first shell and a second shell encapsulates the first shell and the electrolyte. The OLED material internal phase includes a field reactive material. The field reactive material comprises at least one of a magnetically reactive material and an electrically reactive material effective to orient the OLED microcapsule 10 within an aligning field applied from the aligning field source 32. By this construction, OLED material and field attractive material, such as magnetic material, are microencapsulated within an electrically conductive shell, forming an OLED/Mag internal core. The OLED/Mag internal core is microencapsulated along with a mixture of electrolyte and light curable monomer liquid phase within a second electrically conductive shell. The microcapsule shell material is selected to have the appropriate breakdown voltage at which charge conduction occurs. The microcapsules 10 act as capacitor elements that are charged up with a charging voltage. A trigger voltage is then applied when the OLED pixel is to emit light.

FIGS. 28-30 illustrate the formation of an OLED/Capacitor microcapsule. OLED material and field attractive material, such as magnetic material, are microencapsulated within an electrically conductive shell, forming an OLED/Mag core. The OLED/Mag core is microencapsulated along with a mixture of electrolyte and light curable monomer liquid phase within a second electrically conductive shell. The microcapsule shell material is selected to have the appropriate breakdown voltage at which charge conduction occurs. FIG. 29 shows a magnetically reactive OLED microcapsule 10 for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule 10 with the magnetic aligning field turned on with uncured electrolyte mixture. FIG. 30 shows a magnetically reactive OLED microcapsule 10 for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule 10 with the magnetic aligning field turned on with cured electrolyte mixture. In accordance with this composition of the OLED microcapsule, the internal phase comprises OLED material and a magnetically reactive material disposed within a first shell. An electrolyte and a curable fluid material surround the first shell. A second shell encapsulates the first shell, the electrolyte and the curable material. In response to an applied magnetic field, the position of the first shell is changeable relative to the second shell. Upon curing the curable material, the position of the first shell relative to the second shell is locked in place. This microcapsule 10 structure can be used to form capacitors/OLED microcapsules 10 which may be particularly effective for use in passive matrix displays. Typically, a passive matrix display is driven with a relatively high driving energy so that the emission of light by a driven pixel is intense. This intensity overcomes the short driving time of the pixel (as compared with the more controllable active matrix backplane). This passive matrix driving scheme results in shorter display life, higher power consumption and lower display quality. When a charging voltage is applied (such as during a charging scan of a passive matrix OLED display grid), the capacitor elements of the microcapsule 10 store applied electrical energy. The charging voltage can be controllably applied to selected pixels and in multiple scans to vary the stored charge in the microcapsules 10 associated with each pixel. When a trigger voltage is applied (during the display writing scan), the OLED material emits light in response to the trigger voltage and in a manner dependent on the stored charge. With the proper selection of microcapsule 10 materials, an RC circuit is formed giving the OLED pixel an increased and more controlled light emission time and intensity.

FIG. 31 shows a pixel comprised of a chain of capacitor OLED being charged by a charging voltage. FIG. 32 shows a pixel comprised of a chain of capacitor OLED being triggered for light emission by a trigger voltage. The microcapsules 10 act as capacitor elements that are charged up with a charging voltage. A trigger voltage is then applied when the OLED pixel is to emit light.

FIG. 33 shows OLED microcapsules 10 randomly dispersed within a fluid but hardenable carrier fluid 12. A first electrode 14 and a second electrode 14 are provided defining a gap there between. Within the gap, field reactive OLED particulate is randomly dispersed within a fluid carrier 12. The electrodes 14 can be preformed on a substrate, such as glass. Alternatively, one or both grids of electrodes 14 can be preformed on a flexible carrier 12 enabling roll-to-roll manufacturing.

FIG. 34 shows OLED microcapsule chains aligned within an applied aligning field formed within unhardened carrier fluid 12. Upon application of an aligning field, the OLED field-reactive material orient along the field lines and form chains within the still-fluid carrier 12 (analogous to electro rheological fluid mechanics).

FIG. 35 shows OLED microcapsule chains aligned within an applied aligning field held in alignment within hardened carrier 12. With the aligning field still applied, the carrier 12 is cured (for example, using light or heat) to form a solid phase to lock the chains of OLED field-reactive material into position. With the proper selection of carrier 12 material, the OLEDs can be energized to create the curing light to simplify the fabrication process. Alternatively, a light source 28 such as a laser or other light emitter, can be used to controllably apply the curing light.

FIG. 36 shows the OLED microcapsule 10 structure shown in FIG. 35 with a drive voltage applied and light being emitted from the OLED microcapsule chains. When a voltage is applied to the electrodes 14, the OLED chain enables hole and electron movement, raising the energy state of the OLED material and generating light.

FIG. 37 illustrates a method for forming an OLED particulate having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer. Hole transport material and electron transport material are combined to form stable particles. FIG. 37 illustrates the formation of an OLED particle. Hole transport material having a net positive charge and electron transport material having a net negative charge are mixed together in a liquid so that the opposing polarities of the particles creates an attractive force resulting in electrically stable particles. The OLED particulate is formed by providing a first particle, comprised of a hole transport material that has a net positive electrical charge. A second particle is provided comprised of an electron transport material having a net negative electrical charge. The hole transport particle and the electron transport particle are brought together in a liquid and combined to form a unified OLED particulate having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer forming a heterojunction between them.

FIG. 38 illustrates a method for forming an encapsulated OLED particulate. The hole transport material and the electron transport material can be combined into a single particle by ejecting the constituent particles towards each other. The positive and negative charges will attract to form an electrically neutral dielectric particle. This particle may be coated with an encapsulating shell or left uncoated.

FIGS. 39-41 show the steps for forming a multi-layered OLED particle. In this case, as shown in FIG. 39, individual particles of electron transport material are imparted with a net negative electrical charge by a charge source 34 and ejected from a nozzle 36. Particles of a blocking material are imparted with a net positive charge and ejected from a second nozzle 36 towards the stream of electron transport material particles. Field applying electrodes 38 may be provided for directing the respective charged particles so that they combine together to form an electrically neutral dual layer particle. The field applying electrodes 38 may also be useful for attracting and removing from the combined particle stream the charged particles that do not combine in the dual layer particle. In a similar manner, a dual layer hole transport and photo active layer particles can be ejected with induced charges and directed to combine into a dual layer particle containing the hole transport material and the photo active material. As shown in FIG. 41, the two dual layer particles are imparted with opposite electrical charge and ejected from nozzle 36 towards each other where they combine to form the completed multi layered OLED particulate. The amount of charged induced in the particles can be controlled to adjust the alignment of attracted constituents.

The OLED particulate comprises organic-layered particles, which include a hole transport layer and an electron emitter layer. A heterojunction is formed at the interface between the hole transport layer and the electron emitter layer. Each organic-layered particle may also include a blocking layer adjacent to the electron emitter layer and an emissive layer adjacent to the hole transport layer, thereby forming a stacked organic layered structure. The blocking layer is provided for facilitating the flow of electrons from the electron emitter layer, and the emissive layer is provided for facilitating the emission of photons when the energy state of the OLED particulate is raised.

FIG. 40 illustrates a second step in forming a multi-layered OLED particulate. The amount of charge induced in particles can be controlled to adjust alignment of attracted constituents. FIG. 41 illustrates a third step in forming a multi-layered OLED particulate. Relatively weak attractive field keeps layered particles properly aligned, without causing attachment of particles to electrodes 14. The relatively more negatively attractive ETL side attracted to a positive attractive force. More positive towards one end, with an overall net positive charge on HTL/EML layered particle and more negative towards another end, with an overall net negative charge on ETL/BL layered particle. With the proper selection of constituent materials, the electrical properties of the HTL and ETL material should be effective to cause the larger degree of induced charge to occur at the those ends of the layered particles.

The OLED particulate may comprise a dielectric OLED microcapsule. The OLED particulate is formed by the steps of first providing a first particle comprised of a hole transport material. The hole transport material has a net first electrical charge. A second particle comprised of an electron transport material is provided having a net second electrical charge. The first electrical charge is of opposite polarity from the second electrical charge. The first particle and the second particle are brought together to form a unified OLED particulate having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer forming a hetero-junction between them. The first particle may further include a photon-active layer. This photon-active layer may be a light emissive layer in which case the OLED forms a light emitting device, or a light receptive layer, in which case the OLED forms a light-detecting device.

FIG. 42 schematically shows a full-color OLED display, constructed in accordance with the present invention, having a dichromatic display layer for improving the display contrast, power efficiency and for providing display viewing in bright sunlight. The dichromatic display layer may be formed, for example, using a conventional LCD pixilated light modulator layer. Further, the dichromatic display layer can be comprised of dichromatic microcapsules that can be oriented to reflect or absorb impinging light using an aligning field. The dichromatic microcapsules 40 can be oriented using an applied electrical field. In this case, the dichromatic microcapsules 40 are electrically reactive. Alternatively, in accordance with the present invention, the dichromatic microcapsules may be magnetically reactive. In this case, the microcapsule can be constructed having a north magnetic pole and a south magnetic pole, each pole being associated with a respective color of a bi-color microcapsule. A construction similar to the capacitor/OLED microcapsule shown in FIGS. 28-32 can be used to create microcapsules that can be controllably oriented in an applied magnetic field. The dichromatic display layer provides a light reflective display for use in bright sunlight and other appropriate ambient light conditions, as well as other display enhancing effects. The dichromatic pixel layer can be formed adjacent to the last subsequent OLED pixel layer. This dichromatic pixel layer results in a display that can viewed in direct bright sunlight as well as with improved contrast in indoor ambient lighting conditions. Further, additional subsequent OLED pixel layers can be provided which emit light in additional color range having a color and/or light intensity different from the color and/or light intensity of the other OLED pixel layers.

To control the reflection of the emitted light from the OLED RGB pixels in automatic mode the OLED brightness and the reflection/absorption dichromatic microcapsule 40 is automatically controlled to optimize power consumption and display quality. Photodetection elements are used to determine that level of ambient light and adjust the reflection/absorption/image displaying capabilities of the inventive display. Further, the inventive OLED device can be configured so as to detect light impinging on a pixel grid formed in accordance with the present invention. In this case, the OLED particulate of a first OLED pixel layer emits electrical energy in response to the reception of photons and applies the electrical energy as a detectable signal to the first and second layer electrodes 14. Further, a black and white and/or full color CCD-type camera can be formed, by tuning the wavelength range at which subsequent layers of OLED pixels are photo reactive. Photodetectors are used to determine when to use dichromatic display elements. If the dichromatic pixels (e.g., dichromatic microcapsules 40) are turned to the reflection side, OLED emission will be reflected and more light emitted from the display. If turned to the absorption side, better display contrast may be obtained. If the OLED layers are turned off, the dichromatic pixels become a reflective (or two color) display for use in bright light or energy saving conditions. This driving scheme requires very low power-only have to apply power to the pixels to change orientation, then the state remains until power is applied again. For applications such as cell phones, the ability to see a display in bright light is an important consideration. When the phone is in bright sunlight, the dichromatic display elements are used and the OLEDs are off and transparent (the display is reflective and monochrome (e.g., a black and white display)). When the phone is indoors or in lower ambient light, the emissive pixels are used (full color display). As examples of how the dichromatic display layer improves the inventive display, under normal ambient light (indoor, office lighting) the dichromatic microcapsules 40 can be oriented to absorb the reflection of ambient light to improve the contrast of the display.

In low ambient light (airplane, car, dusk) the dichromatic display elements can be turned oriented to reflect the OLED emission so that the OLED display elements can be driven with lower energy consumption. The dichromatic display elements can be automatically oriented and controlled to provide power savings and improve contrast. Light filters and side/side pixels can be mixed with the display stack to create a variety of display options. Further, IR and other emitters and detectors can also be included to create “invisible” maps that can only be read with night vision aides. Other display possibilities include windshields that automatically block out high light sources like the sun and oncoming high beams; and goggles that enhance vision, provide night vision, and include telescopic and stereoscopic capabilities.

FIG. 43 schematically shows the full-color OLED display shown in FIG. 42, with the dichromatic pixels oriented for reflecting emitted OLED light. When the dichromatic picture elements are reflective (oriented so that the reflective side of the sphere is facing toward the emissive side of the display), then the light emitted from the OLED elements is reflected for use in forming the display image. The orientation of the dichromatic picture elements can be automatically controlled depending on the ambient light detected by a photodetector.

FIG. 44 schematically shows the full-color OLED display shown in FIG. 42, showing the relative strength of reflected light depending on the dichromatic pixel orientations. The orientation of each respective pixel stack's dichromatic pixel element, determines the contrast, ambient and emitted light reflectivity.

FIG. 45 shows magnetically-active OLED microcapsules 10 randomly dispersed within a fluid but hardenable carrier fluid 12 along with desiccant particulate. The carrier fluid 12 can include a conductive element, carbon or powdered iron for example. The carrier fluid 12 should be selected to have the appropriate electrical properties so that the path of least electrical resistance in the completed display device is through the OLED material, and not through the carrier 12. Accordingly, the carrier fluid 12 may have a semi-conductive composition. Desiccant particles 42 are included within the carrier fluid 12 to improve protection against contamination. The desiccant can be for example, a finely powdered silica based particulate. This desiccant can be included in the shell and/or the internal phase of the OLAM microcapsules, depending on the microcapsule composition.

FIG. 46 shows the magnetically-active OLED microcapsule chains aligned within an applied magnetic aligning field within the unhardened carrier fluid 12. The applied magnetic field can be obtained by permanent magnets brought into position relative to the display electrodes, or electromagnets that are controlled to apply the magnetic field as needed to cause the desired microcapsule alignment and orientation.

FIG. 47 shows the magnetically-active OLED microcapsule chains aligned within the applied magnetic aligning field held in position within the hardened carrier 12. The carrier fluid 12 can include a conductive element-carbon, for example. Desiccant particles 42 are included within the carrier fluid 12 to improve protection against contamination.

FIG. 48 shows the magnetically-active OLED microcapsule 10 structure with light being emitted from the OLED microcapsule chains in response to a driving applied to the electrodes.

FIG. 49 schematically illustrates a full color OLED display having high intensity visible light display layers and an infrared display layer.

FIG. 50 shows an OLED display layer and a liquid crystal light modulating layer 44. The liquid crystal display layer 44 can be used as the dichromatic display layer described above. The liquid crystal light modulating layer 44 can also provide the inventive display with the capability of being selectively reflective. With this capability, the light-blocking windshield described with regard to FIGS. 57 and 58 is obtained. Further, a window can be formed that is transparent when needed, can be switched to being an emissive display (viewable from both or only one side), is selectively light blocking, and can be a bi-color or reflective display.

FIG. 51 shows an inventive OLED display fabricated with thin films of organic material with photodetection elements. Photodetector elements can be incorporated into each pixel stack, or disposed in a different resolution grid. The ambient light, whether sunlight or firelight, received by the photodetectors is used to control the optical characteristics of the OLED pixels associated with each photodetector. This construction can be used with microcapsule-based fabrication or any other display constructions. This enables features such as windshields that block out (using, for example, LCD shutters) high light sources, such as bright sunshine, overhead streetlights, or headlights beaming from another car. OLED solar cell components or pixel layers can be used to “recycle” the energy emitted by the OLED emitters. Some of the emitted light energy impinges on the solar cells and generate light. This, along with the inventions described herein and the sheet battery described in the above-referenced co-owned patent application Ser. No. 10/234,301 filed Sep. 4, 2002, entitled “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Displays”, can enable lightweight, relatively inexpensive, dichromatic newspapers (as described herein in FIG. 1) that recharge in sunlight (or even indoor ambient light) to enable full-color emissive video or still images.

FIG. 52 shows an OLED microcapsule 10 wherein the shell is slightly less conductive than the encapsulated OLED material. The shell is slightly more resistive than the OLED material so that current does not flow around shell, but instead flows through OLED material. The particulate can be organic or inorganic, with chips of LED material combined and oriented, as necessary, with other materials as is described herein with regard to OLAM materials.

FIG. 53 shows an OLED microcapsule 10 wherein the OLED material is encapsulated along with an electrolyte. A hole transport material comprises the shell, and a shell around MAG is insulative to keep the magnetic material from having unwanted influence of the electrical behavior of microcapsule. OLED material is contained within the electrolyte solution, the electron carriers in the electrolyte can be controlled depending on the needed specification of the microcapsules 10. For example, the microcapsules 10 charge-carrying requirements of the electrolyte can be tailored to match the electrical flow for a particular OLED constituent material. Thus, microcapsules 10 can be formulated based on the empirically or otherwise determined characteristics of a particular formula, or even a particular batch, of OLAM. Other additional material can be included in the internal phase or the shell of the microcapsule, or added to the carrier material, or included as other microcapsules 10 within the carrier 12. For example, a phosphorescent OLED microcapsule 10 may require different light-inducing applied electrical energy. Light of a particular wavelength, for example infrared, can trigger the OLED emission at other wavelengths. In this case, OLAM, or other material such an inorganic semiconductor, is included to generate electricity in response to IR light. The generated electricity is used to cause an emission of other wavelengths of light by the OLED pixel layers. This capability makes possible a map, for example, that can be read with an infrared flashlight (keeping the stealth advantage, while avoiding the need for the map reader to have night vision, as is the case when the map is the IR emitter).

FIG. 54 shows an OLED microcapsule 10 wherein the OLED material and the hole transport material are contained in solution within a conductive shell. This construction may be driven with AC or DC current. The OLED particulate is formed, by microencapsulating an internal phase within a shell. The internal phase or the shell includes an OLED material and either the internal phase or the shell includes a field reactive material. The field reactive material comprises either or both an electrostatic and a magnetically reactive material. In accordance with another composition of the inventive microcapsule, the internal phase comprises an OLED emitter material and an OLED hole transport material dispersed in solution. Color dyes may also be included within the internal phase. The solvent may be a fluid organic solvent. In order to provide the alignment capabilities of the microcapsules 10, either the internal phase or the shell may include a field reactive component.

FIG. 55 shows the OLED microcapsules 10 shown in FIG. 54 including a magnetically active material. The magnetic material is included as a separate microcapsule 10 with an electrically insulative shell contained within the internal phase of a second conductive shell that also encapsulates a solution of the OLED material (electron transport material and hole transport material). The electrically insulated magnetic material enables microcapsule 10 alignment within a magnetic field, without it becoming an electrical short within the microcapsule. The OLED microcapsules 10 can have constituent parts including at least one of hole transport material, electron transport material, field reactive material, solvent material, color material, shell forming material, barrier material, desiccant material, colorant material, light curable, heat expandable, heat contracting, heat curable and heat meltable material. The constituent parts of the microcapsule 10 form at least one internal phase and at least one shell. The constituent parts are selected so as to have electrical characteristics that result in a preferred path of electrical conduction (or electron and hole mobility) through the hole transport material and the electron transport material. By this construction, the microcapsule 10 behaves as a pn junction upon application of an electrical potential to the first electrode 14 and the second electrode 14.

FIG. 56 illustrates the OLED microcapsule 10 shown in FIG. 54 used for creating a general lighting or display back lighting OLED device. For general lighting purposes, OLED and hole transport material is microencapsulated in solvent form. The microcapsules 10 are randomly dispersed within a conductive carrier 12 material, for example a conductive epoxy mixture. The microcapsules 10 can be disposed between two planer electrodes 14. The “self-healing” capabilities described herein are used to correct electrical shorts between the planar electrodes 14.

FIG. 57 illustrates a transparent, flexible OLED display fabricated for use as part of a vehicle windshield. A liquid crystal (or other) light-modulating grid may also be included. The light-modulating grid is used to provide a shutter for blocking high intensity light source 28, such as the sun and oncoming headlights. Photodetector elements (which may be included in grid form within the windshield and/or in another arrangement such as an array) detects when a light source 28 is at a higher intensity than the ambient light. At the location of the detected high intensity light source 28, the light is shuttered (e.g., liquid crystal within certain pixels is oriented) so that the incoming light is blocked. A radar system, IR camera of other object detecting system can be used to determine when an object is in the road, such as a deer or a dog. If such an object is detected, its image of that object or some indication is produced in the OLED display at the location on the windshield corresponding to where the object would be viewed by the driver. Information, such as speed, radio channel, incoming cell call number, etc., can be displayed by the OLED display as a heads up display image. For an example of a driver circuit for the light shutter, a photoactive grid generates an electrical potential between two electrodes 14. That electrical potential (amplified if necessary) is effective to cause structures (molecules or crystals or molecular chains) to orient so that light is selectively blocked. This mechanism may also be used to create a fresnel-type lens system (creating a curvature (focus ability) of a received light image using an essentially flat optical element.

FIG. 58 is a block diagram showing the basic components of a driver display system using an OLED display. A controller controls a display grid and receives input from a photodetector grid. A display driver drives the display grid, under the control of the controller, in response to the photodetector grid, an IR camera and/or other detection system such as a radar, sonar, ultrasonic, or the like.

FIG. 59 illustrates an OLED light emissive element. The OLED element can be constructed from sheets of OLED organic material stacks 46, and can be formed on glass or plastic substrates 24 and cut to size. The electrode 14 leads can be fixed to the cut OLED stack 46 and disposed within an evacuated or inert gas filled bulb. The bulb can be solid and transparent or light diffusive, forming a robust, solid state, light bulb for flashlights or other applications where a conventional LED may otherwise be employed.

FIG. 60 shows the OLED light emissive element having a conventional light bulb form factor. OLED light can be fabricated into the same form factor as a conventional light bulb so that it can be easily installed into existing light sockets. The orientation of the organic stack 46, reflective anode and transparent anode enables the light to be projected outward from the bulb. An array of devices can be configured so that the light is emitted in an omni-directional or directional manner. The OLED element can be constructed from sheets of OLED light stacks 46, and can be formed on glass or plastic substrates 24 and cut to size. The electrode 14 leads can be fixed to the cut light stack and disposed within an evacuated or inert gas filled bulb. The threaded portion of the bulb can include an ac to dc converting circuit so that the conventional sockets, lampshades, etc., already in the home or office are still usable. Alternatively, another form factor, such as holiday lighting, rope lighting, etc., can be used. The cut OLED light stack can be shaped as desired, square, long and thin, etc. Also, the same basic structure can be used to make OLED light in a conventional LED package.

FIG. 61 illustrates an OLED device fabricated using light emissive layers and light detecting layers. The OLED display device can include layers of light emission pixels and layers of light detection pixels. The light detection pixels can be used to detect ambient light and control the intensity of the light emission pixels. As with some of the other device constructions described herein, the formation of the OLED pixel layers can be done using the inventive microcapsule 10 fabrication method and/or a combination with other fabrication methods such as inkjet, spin coating, vacuum deposition, evaporation, etc. for forming an OLED organic stack 46.

FIG. 62 illustrates stereoscopic goggles having OLED display device elements 48. The photodetection pixels can be formed so as to effect a camera incorporated within the OLED display device elements 48. The camera optics can include lenses that change shape and/or focal point depending on whether the image is focusing on the human eye or the camera pixel elements. Alternatively, or in addition, CCD-type cameras 50 can be provided adjacent to the OLED display device elements 48.

FIG. 63 illustrates a flexible OLED display having a curvature that compensates for the human eye's range of motion. The image displayed on the curved wraparound OLED display is refreshed so that the eye movement as well as the head movement of the user is accounted for. With this stereoscopic vision aide, the user's head movement can be determined by accelerometers and gyroscopic circuits. The eye movement is determined by reflecting IR (or some wavelength depending on the ambient light) off the retina and detecting the reflection by photodetectors which may be incorporated in the OLED display

FIG. 64 illustrates a flexible OLED display having microlens elements 52 for focusing emitted light at the appropriate physical location within a human eye. An optical lens can be used to focus light onto CCD-type elements to create microlens elements 52 that focus the pixel light source 54 at the focus spot in the human eye. The optical properties of the microlens element 52 can compensate for vision problems

FIG. 65 illustrates a wraparound visor 56 having a curved, flexible OLED display and speakers 58. The inventive stereoscopic vision aid has a high resolution OLED display. The OLED display is shaped so that field of vision is as full as practical.

FIG. 66 illustrates a wall 60 of a house having an inventive OLED display window 62, the window 62 being driven so as to be transparent with trees 64 outside the house visible through the window 62. The inventive window 62 can be constructed along the lines of the OLED displays described herein. As will all of the applications for the inventive OLED technology, the various elements comprising the various versions of the invention described herein can be mixed and matched depending on the intended use for a particular OLED display. Thus, in this case, the inventive window 62 can be driven so that is transparent when needed, can be switched to being an emissive display (viewable from both or only one side), is selectively light blocking, and can be a full color, multi-color, monochrome or reflective display.

FIG. 67 illustrates the wall 60 of a house having the inventive OLED display window 62, the window 62 being driven so as to display multiple simultaneous video streams 66 including videophone communication, Internet web page and a television program. Multiple streams of display information 66 can be simultaneously received and displayed. For example, broadcast video content such as a television program may be shown at a first portion of the display, personalized video content, such as a videophone conversation may be shown at a second portion and a web page, including mapped hyperlink content, may be shown at a third portion. With an LCD light modulating layer, the content displayed on the inventive OLED display window 62 can be viewable from outside the house (from poolside, for example), or LCD light modulating layer can be controlled so that the emitted display light can be blocked from view from outside the house.

FIG. 68 illustrates the wall 60 of a house having the inventive OLED display window 62, the window being driven so as to be a mirror. In this case, the LCD light modulating layer can be controlled to block light from being transmitted through the window. Further, as shown in FIG. 57, relatively high intensity light (such as from sun beaming onto the window) can be selectively blocked to prevent glare within the house and to keep the house cooler in the summer.

With respect to the above description, it is realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for parts of the invention, including variations in size, materials, shape, form, function, and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art. All equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.

Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention. 

1) A method for forming an organic light active device, comprising the steps of: providing a first electrode and a second electrode defining a gap there between, a plurality of first particles comprised of a hole transport material and a plurality of second particles comprised of an electron transport material; bringing respective ones of the first particles and the second particles together to form an organic light active particulate having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer engaging one another and forming a heterojunction therebetween; and disposing within the gap the organic light active particulate dispersed within a carrier. 2) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 1; wherein the organic light active particulate comprises field reactive organic light active particulate randomly dispersed within the carrier; and further comprising the step of applying an aligning field between the first electrode and the second electrode to form a desired orientation of the field reactive organic light active particulate within the carrier between the first electrode and the second electrode. 3) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 2; wherein the carrier comprises a hardenable material; and further comprising the steps of hardening the carrier to maintain the desired orientation of the organic light active particulate within the carrier. 4) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 1; wherein each of the first particles has a net first electrical charge and each of the second particles has a net second electrical charge, the first electrical charge being opposite polarity from the second electrical charge for bringing respective ones of the first particles and the second particles together to form the organic light active particulate. 5) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 4; wherein the first particle further includes at least one of an emissive or receptive photon-active layer. 6) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 1; wherein the organic light active particulate is formed by microencapsulating an internal phase within a shell, at least one of the internal phase and the shell including an organic light active material and at least one of the internal phase and the shell including a field reactive material comprising at least one of an electrostatic material and a magnetically reactive material. 7) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 1; wherein the organic light active particulate is formed by microencapsulating an internal phase within a shell, the internal phase comprising at least one of an organic light active emitter material and an organic light active hole transport material in a solution. 8) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 7; wherein at least one of the internal phase and the shell includes a field reactive component. 9) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 1; wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises an electrode grid for forming organic light active pixels between the first electrode and the second electrode. 10) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 1; wherein the organic light active particulate dispersed within the carrier is disposed within the gap through a nozzle. 11) A method for forming a light active device according to claim 1; wherein the organic light active particulate dispersed within the carrier is disposed within the gap through an inkjet nozzle. 12) A method for forming an organic light active device, comprising the steps of providing a carrier, a plurality of first particles comprised of a hole transport material and a plurality of second particles comprised of an electron transport material; bringing respective ones of the first particles and the second particles together to form an organic light active particulate having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer engaging one another and forming a heterojunction therebetween; dispersing the organic light active particulate within the carrier; providing a first electrode layer; coating a layer of the carrier dispersed with the organic light active particulate on the first electrode layer; and providing a second electrode layer on top of the coated layer of the carrier dispersed with the organic light active particulate. 13) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 12; wherein the organic light active particulate comprises field reactive organic light active particulate randomly dispersed within the carrier; and further comprising the step of applying an aligning field between the first electrode and the second electrode to form a desired alignment of the field reactive organic light active particulate within the carrier between the first electrode and the second electrode. 14) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 13; wherein the carrier comprises a hardenable material; and further comprising the steps of hardening the carrier to maintain the desired alignment of the organic light active particulate within the carrier. 15) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 12; wherein the first electrode layer comprises an x-electrode layer having x-electrode lines; the second electrode layer comprises a y-electrode layer having y-electrode line disposed adjacent to the x electrode layer and defining a gap therebetween so that pixel volumes are defined at intersections of respective x-electrode lines and y-electrode lines. 16) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 12; wherein the organic light active particulate is effective for receiving through the carrier electrical charges from the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer and generating photon emissions in response to receiving said electrical charges. 17) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 12; wherein the organic light active particulate is effective for receiving a photon and separating electrical charges in response to the received photon, the separated electrical charges being transferred through the carrier to the first electrode layer and the second electrode. 18) A method for forming an organic light active device according to claim 12; wherein the organic light active particulate dispersed within the carrier is coated on the first electrode layer through a nozzle. 19) A method for forming a light active device according to claim 12; wherein the organic light active particulate dispersed within the carrier is coated on the first electrode layer through an inkjet nozzle. 20) A method for forming a light active device, comprising the steps of providing a carrier, a plurality of first particles comprised of a hole transport material and a plurality of second particles comprised of an electron transport material; bringing respective ones of the first particles and the second particles together to form a light active particulate having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer engaging one another and forming a heterojunction therebetween; dispersing the light active particulate within the carrier; providing a first electrode layer; coating a layer of the carrier dispersed with the light active particulate on the first electrode layer; and providing a second electrode layer on top of the coated layer of the carrier dispersed with the light active particulate. 21) A method for forming a light active device according to claim 20; wherein the light active particulate comprises a field reactive light active particulate randomly dispersed within the carrier; and further comprising the step of applying an aligning field between the first electrode and the second electrode to form a desired alignment of the field reactive light active particulate within the carrier between the first electrode and the second electrode. 22) A method for forming a light active device according to claim 21; wherein the carrier comprises a hardenable material; and further comprising the steps of hardening the carrier to maintain the desired alignment of the light active particulate within the carrier. 23) A method for forming a light active device according to claim 20; wherein the first electrode layer comprises an x-electrode layer having x-electrode lines; the second electrode layer comprises a y-electrode layer having y-electrode line disposed adjacent to the x electrode layer and defining a gap therebetween so that pixel volumes are defined at intersections of respective x-electrode lines and y-electrode lines. 24) A method for forming a light active device according to claim 20; wherein the light active particulate is effective for receiving through the carrier electrical charges from the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer and generating photon emissions in response to receiving said electrical charges. 25) A method for forming a light active device according to claim 20; wherein the light active particulate is effective for receiving a photon and separating electrical charges in response to the received photon, the separated electrical charges being transfer through the carrier to the first electrode layer and the second electrode. 26) A method for forming a light active device according to claim 20; wherein the carrier dispersed with the light active particulate is coated on the first electrode layer through a nozzle. 27) A method for forming a light active device according to claim 20; wherein the carrier dispersed with the light active particulate is coated on the first electrode layer through an inkjet nozzle. 